BSN 2G Group 2
STS Outline
Submitted to: Prof. Blas Ople G. Tiangco

I. Introduction
A. Definition
1. Military
• came from Latin militarius, from miles (genitive militis) = “soldier.”
• a descriptive property of things related to soldiers and warfare.
2. Education
• Process by which an individual is encouraged and enabled to develop his or her potential and serve as the purpose of equipping the individual with what is necessary to be a productive member of society.
B. Brief History
1. Military
a. Periods
• Prehistoric Warfare: in the earliest societies, such as hunter-gatherer societies, there were no social roles or divisions of labor, so every able person contributed to any raids or defense of territory.
• Ancient Warfare: war as conducted from the beginnings of recorded history to the end of the ancient period. The difference between prehistoric and ancient warfare is less one of technology than of organization.
• Medieval Warfare: warfare of the European Middle Ages.
• Gunpowder Warfare: associated with the start of the widespread use of gunpowder and the development of suitable weapons to use the explosive.
• Industrial Warfare: a period which saw the rise of nation-states, capable of creating and equipping large armies and navies through the process of industrialization.
• Modern Warfare: involves the widespread use of highly advanced technology.
b. Technological Evolution
• Weapons and strategy development through time.
2. Education
a. Teaching through the ages
• Learned men, philosophers, priests, and prophets as the first teachers in society
• Education as the natural response of early civilizations to the struggle of surviving and thriving as a culture.
b. History and Development of Schools

II. Military
A. Military Organization
1. Services
• Branches of the military wherin the three most common are armies, navies, and air forces.
2. Units, formations, and Commands
• “Building blocks” of a military.
3. Hierarchy (Modern)
• Terms used to describe army hierarchy in armed forces across the world.
B. Military Science
1. Education and Training
• Methodology and practices involved in training soldiers, NCO’s, and officers. It also concerns itself with general education and political indoctrination of the armed forces.
2. Technology and Equipment
• military technology items, devices and methods.
3. Strategy and Doctrine
• Studies the specifics of combat, and attempts to reduce the many factors to a set of principles that govern all interactions of the field of battle.
C. The Internet and the Military
• History of how the internet was created from military technology (DARPA).
D. Militarism
• Doctrinal view of a society as being best served when it is governed or guided by concepts embodied in the culture, doctrine, system, or people of the military.

III. Education
A. Systems of Education
1. Schooling
• Occurs when society or a group or an individual sets up a curriculum to educate people.
2. Types of Schools
a. Preparatory: designed to prepare a student for higher education
b. Primary: consists of the first years of formal, structured education that occurs during childhood
c. Secondary: last segment of compulsory secondary education
d. University: an institution of higher education and research, which grants academic degrees at all levels in a variety of subjects
e. Vocational: an institution of higher education and sometime research, which provides both tertiary and sometime quaternary education and grants academic degrees at all levels in a variety of subjects
B. Technological Innovations
1. Classroom Levels
2. Educational Technologies Projects
a. Wikis
b. Eagle Technology Console
c. Distance Education
C. Methods of Teaching
1. Teaching
• Interaction with students and the knowledge and personality of the teacher.
2. Alternative Education
• number of approaches to teaching and learning other than traditional publicly- or privately-run schools

IV. Advantages and Disadvantages
A. Advantages or Benefits of Technology
1. Education
a. Reduced or easier labor
b. Enhances education:
• More resources
• Better understanding, presentation, visual aids, etc.
c. Access and availability
d. Promotes wider communication
2. Military
a. Security and protection from foreign or internal conflict
b. Better surveillance
c. Better service:
• Relief operations
B. Disadvantages or Undesirable Effects of Technology
1. Education
a. Technological unemployment
b. Reduced socialization and development of critical thinking skills
c. Dependence on technology:
• Plagiarism
2. Military
a. Depletion of natural and financial resources
b. Nuclear and biological warfare:
• Weapons of mass destruction
c. Dependence on military power
d. Fear installed among people

V. Programs of Military and Education in the Philippine Setting
A. Education
1. Philippine Constitution
• Article II, Section 17. The State shall give priority to education, science and technology, arts, culture, and sports to foster patriotism and nationalism, accelerate social progress, and promote total human liberation and development.
2. Literacy Education
• Spearheaded by the Bureau of Non-formal Education (BNFE) with its functional literacy program that includes the teaching of reading, writing and arithmetic.
3. Livelihood Skills
• Designed to equip the unemployed and underemployed with vocational and technical skills through short term training programs.
B. Military
1. PMA
• Training school for future officers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.
2. BALIKAT-MANILA, Philippines
• A bilateral, multi-service event designed to improve planning and interoperability to enhance military capabilities against armed attacks, including those from terrorist threats, as well as increasing readiness to respond to natural disasters.

VI. Conclusion

VII. Sources
A. http://en.wikipedia.org
B. http://historyeducationinfo.com/edu1.htm
C. http://www.historyofschool.com/
D. http://www.militaryphotos.net/forums/showthread.php?t=52295

What really is science and technology?

Science in the broadest sense refers to any system of objective knowledge. In a more restricted sense, science refers to a system of acquiring knowledge based on the scientific method, as well as to the organized body of knowledge humans have gained by such research. Science is derived from the latin word scientia for knowledge which in turns come from sci- I know. Traditionally, Science is systematic inquiry into nature like the explanation of things, knowledge like the natural phenomena happening arund us, human cultural activity where humans are distinct from others and a total enterprise. Science is a knowledge or a system of knowledge covering general truths or the operation of general laws especially as obtained and tested through scientific method. Such knowledge or such a system of knowledge concerned with the physical world and it’s phenomena.

Traditionally, technology is defined as a) technic b) technolgy in itself c) as a human cultural activity and d) total societal enterprise. Technology as a technic means that the term technology will refer to material products or the gadget itself. Technology will be the hardware itself, the object people are using everyday. For example, the frying pan is a technology in itself. The frying pan being an object is already considered a technology. Technology as a technology in itself refes to the complex of knowledge , methods, materials and if applicable, constituent parts used in making a technic. This means that it dos not only refer to the hardware itself but also the way it was created and all the materials or “gadgets” used in creating it. An example of technolgy as technology in itself is the creation of the cellphone. the cellphone is comprised of several technologies and thus it is not only a technology or technic but a combination of technologies. Technology as a human cultural activity means that it will be more than a hardware but can also refer to the general occupation of a person. Like law, medicine and religion, technology will also be a category in which people are actually involved as practitioners. as an example, we could say scientists and inventors are practitioners of technology. Lastly technology as a total societal enterprise means that technology is not just a hardware nor a category for an occupation but is the whole complex combination of all the things, people, facilities, knowledge involved in creating something. Technology is the conjugation of everything in the society that was used in creating a technic. A great example of this is the Japanese technology. Their creation of a single “hi-tech” gadget is made possible through the conjugation of all the resources from the society-knowledge, facilities, etc.

In my own definition, Science is a systematic study based on facts. Science is a knowledge in a sense that it is made of grouped facts and ideas. For example the theories made by several scientists. Those theories are based on facts or ideas grouped together to form a one big knowledge. To sum it up, basically science is based on facts. it cannot be a guess because it needs a corresponding scientific proof to support your hypothesis. Though a hypothesis is accepted in the scientific world, it will not be recognized until it is proven.

For me, technology is an innovation, something that will improve people’s lives. It is a movement from the past to the present way of doing things and even to the futuristic way. In general, I believe that technology is composed of the new inventions. Gadgets that are futuristic and are easier to use but when you think of it, technology isn’t just the fancy gizmos but also the primitive things. Fire for instance was created way way before we were born but it is actually one the best technologies ever created. After all the readings, inquiries,etc. I believe technology is everything that is created, accidental or intentional. Primitive or futuristic, as long as it is created and has a function, it is technology.

The traditional meaning of Science is different from my own definition like in the traditional meaning, knowledge is a natural phenomena where in my own definition, knowledge is a group of ideas or facts. The traditional definition of technology differs with my definition of technology in a sense that the tradition definition is more broad and yet definite. The traditional definition considers technology as everything involved in the production of a hardware, the whole societal technology but my definition is simply takes technology as an invention with a purpose,nothing more, nothing less.

II.
The scientific method is the best way yet discovered for winnowing the truth from lies and delusion. It is a body of techniques for investigating phenomena and acquiring new knowledge, as well as for correcting and integrating previous knowledge. It is based on gathering observable, empirical, measurable evidence, subject to the principles of reasoning. A simple version of an experiment would look something like this:
1. Observe some aspect of the universe.
2. Invent a tentative description, called a hypothesis, that is consistent with what you have observed.
3. Use the hypothesis to make predictions.
4. Test those predictions by experiments or further observations and modify the hypothesis in the light of your results.
5. Repeat steps 3 and 4 until there are no discrepancies between theory and experiment and/or observation.
When consistency is obtained the hypothesis becomes a theory and provides a coherent set of propositions which explain a class of phenomena. A theory is then a framework within which observations are explained and predictions are made.
When the theory is proven, you can now conclude that it is a fact. Here is a simple diagram to explain it easier.

This method was applied to the Embryonic Stem Cell Research in the field of Medicine like how all researches was done. Embryonic stem cells are undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell. However, they have the ability to form any adult cell. Because undifferentiated embryonic stem cells can proliferate indefinitely in culture, they could potentially provide an unlimited source of specific, clinically important adult cells such as bone, muscle, liver or blood cells.
They are believed to treat diseases with ability to grow human tissue of all kinds and opens the door to treating a range of cell-based diseases and to growing medically important tissues that can be used for transplantation purposes. For example, diseases like juvenile onset diabetes mellitus and Parkinson’s disease occur because of defects in one of just a few cells types. Replacing faulty cells with healthy ones offers hope of lifelong treatment. Similarly, failing hearts and other organs, in theory, could be shored up by injecting healthy cells to replace damaged or diseased cells. This extraordinary research is still in its infancy and practical application will only be possible with additional study. Research is also necessary to study the potential of immune rejection of the cells, and how to overcome that problem.

A.
Firei is the flame, heat, and light produced by something burning. It is a self-sustaining oxidation process accompanied by heat and light in the form of a glow or flames. It is commonly used to describe either a fuel in a state of combustion (e.g., a campfire, or a lit fireplace or stove) or a violent, destructive and uncontrolled burning (e.g., in buildings and automobiles, or a wildfire). The discovery of making fire is considered one of the most important elements in the progression of humankind for it let the cave peoples ward off wild animals, kill insects and provide warmth. There are many uses of fire. Fire has supplied much of the energy which has helped humans since ancient times. Wood was a prehistoric fuel. In ancient times, Heat from the burning wood is used to keep their body warm, Light from the fire to see at night, & Heat from the fire to cook their food. Before, the ancient people, depends their lives in their environment.
Fire is the rapid oxidation of a combustion with associated flame, heat, and light. The flame itself is a thin region of gas where intense chemical reactions are taking place. The common fire-causing sources of heat include a spark, another fire (such as an explosion, a fire in the oven or fireplace, or a lit match, lighter or cigarette) and sources of intense thermal radiation (such as sunlight, a flue, an incandescent light bulb or a radiant heater). These discoveries about fire have made potential applications in applied science and industry, especially concerning fuel efficiency.
This is under the theory of scientific innovation.

Unlike technological innovation, this was discovered and was not invented, by the early humans. They in turn experimented on it in different ways and found out someof its uses such as for heat, cooking, and as a source of energy which are more developed or mature results of scientific activity. These and other established outcomes of scientific endeavors are merited as genuine innovation in science. These outcomes have made a lot of things more easier for us.

B.
The printing press is a mechanical printing device for making copies of identical text on multiple sheets of paper. It was invented in Germany by the Goldsmith and printer Johannes Gutenberg in 1447. Printing methods based on Gutenberg’s printing press spread rapidly throughout first Europe and then the rest of the world, replacing most block printing and making it the sole genitor of modern movable type printing.

A separate invention from the printing press,the movable type printing, which allowed individual characters to be arranged to form words, it was invented in Germany by Gutenberg in the 1440s and in China by Bi Sheng between 1041 to 1048.

Invention of the Printing Press
Gutenberg is credited by most scholars with its initial invention. Gutenberg’s use of mechanical presses, along with other innovations of his, made printing from the start a proto-industrial process with a far greater printing output than with manual work.
As printing material he used both vellum and paper, the latter having been introduced in Europe somewhat earlier from China by way of the Arabs, who had a paper mill in operation in Baghdad as early as 794.

The parts of the printing press:

*The frame – immovably braces and supports the two moving parts.
*The carriage assembly – carries the type and paper in and out of the impression assembly.
*The impression assembly – pushes (or presses) the paper onto the inked type.

This invention is under the technological innovation theory. This is because it has undergone various changes for improving the printing technology. Over time, technological activites yielded a varietyof outcomes of the printing press. New designs and knowledgeabout it has generated waysof making printing easier. This has paved the way for far more advances in its area. Nowadays, almost all households have a printer whichnormally accompanies the computer. This innovation from the printing press has a lot of new features including the scanning, printing of documents, projects and even photographs.
The invention of the printing press and what we now now as the modern printer was motivated by society so that the inventors would be able to improve the ways of printing books for school or public use, magazines and newsapapers for the spread of information. Although not every innovation requires a new invention. Most only involve improvementsor changes in design or materials, which is clearly the case of the printing press.

C.

During certain periods in history, innovations in technology have developed at such a fast pace that they have produced what have become known as industrial revolution. Industrial Revolution was the most significant transformation of technological, socio-economic and cultural conditions. It is a period in which fundamental changes occurred in agriculture, textile and metal manufacture, transportation, economic policies and the social structure. Agriculture occupied a prominent position since it was an indispensable source of raw materials. These changes which have occurred in agriculture made it possible to feed all of the people that were attracted to the industrial centers as factory workers. Finished products, raw materials, food and people needed a reliable, quicker and less costly system to be carried out and to be spread that is why it gave way to the development of transportation. Canals and rivers had long been used as a means of internal transportation. Industrial Revolution was also a time where machineries and factories grew as well as new innovations that would make the lives of people, specially workers, more efficient and definitely much comfortable. The factory system changed the manner in which work was performed. The field of industry includes mining, metallurgy, chemicals, steam power, textile manufacture, factories and machine tools. The major change in the metal industries during the era of the Industrial Revolution was the replacement of organic fuels based on wood with fossil fuel based on coals. The supply of cheaper iron and steel aided the development of boilers and steam engines, and eventually railways. Improvements in machine tools allowed better working of iron and steel and further boosted the industrial growth. The development of the stationary steam engine was an essential early element of the Industrial Revolution, however, for most of the period of the Industrial Revolution, the majority of industries still relied on wind and water power as well as horse and man-power for driving small machines. These were just some of the things that happened during this certain era.

D.
The fourth most important historical development in science and technology was the telephone. Bell Telephone Laboratories was established. It was a direct descendant of Alexander Graham Bell’s Laboratory in Boston.

Probably no means of communication has revolutionized the daily lives of ordinary people more than the telephone. The actual history of the telephone is a subject of complex dispute. The controversy began with the success of the invention and continues today. Some of the inventors credited with inventing the telephone include Antonio Meucci, Philip Reis, Elisha Gray and Alexander Graham Bell. Bell’s experiments with his assistant Thomas Watson finally proved successful on March 10, 1876, when the first complete sentence was transmitted: “Watson, come here; I want you.”.

The telephone can be classified under technological innovation theory because it has gone through changes in designs or materials. New datas where also obtained and new knowledge were generated.

Under technological innovation, the telephone is an invention wherein it is devised by independent inventors as well as by individuals or team of workers in an industrial facility. There are factors that can help explain invention in modern Western society includes:
1. external pressures exerted by social and natural environments
2. motives of inventors and related decision makers
3. flexibility in the face of change discoveries

In the case of Bell Laboratories, had a tradition of allowing some of its researchers to pursue interesting phenomena discovered serendipitously in the course of mission oriented research, even if such discoveries currently lack any visible economic pay of potential. This is where it was recognized that inventive activity can be kept on too tight aleash.

E.
How Internet came to its being can be explained through the theory of technological innovation. It creates new ways for citizens to communicate, congregate, and share information of a social nature. It is obvious that the Internet has and will continue to change the way we live. How it is changed, and how it will continue to change our lives, is the reason for so many conferences on the topic.

The Internet is a worldwide system of computer networks – a network of networks in which users at any one computer can get information from any other computer (and sometimes talk directly to users at other computers) was conceived after USSR launches the first artificial earth satellite, Sputnik by the Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) of the U.S. government in 1969 and was first known as the ARPANET. The original aim was to create a network that would allow users of a research computer at one university to be able to “talk to” research computers at other universities. A side benefit of ARPANet’s design was that, because messages could be routed or rerouted in more than one direction, the network could continue to function even if parts of it were destroyed in the event of a military attack or other disaster.(Whatis.com, 2006)

The Internet drives the hottest stocks on Wall Street, shapes technological innovation, and fills the pages of the world’s presses. What does this mean for society, government, commerce, and other institutions? How will the way we live, work, learn, profit, govern, and communicate change?

It has also contributed a lot for marketing companies; some of the biggest of the efficient nature of low-cost advertising and commerce through the Internet; also known as e-commerce. It is the fastest way to spread information to a vast amount of people simultaneously. The Internet has also subsequently revolutionized shopping—for example; a person can order a CD online and receive it in the mail within a couple of days, or download it directly in some cases. The Internet has also greatly facilitated personalized marketing which allows a company to market a product to a specific person or a specific group of people more so than any other advertising medium.

Examples of personalized marketing include online communities such as Myspace, Friendster, and others which thousands of Internet users join to advertise themselves and make friends online. Many of these users are young teens and adolescents ranging from 13 to 25 years old. In turn, when they advertise themselves they advertise interests and hobbies, which online marketing companies can use as information as to what those users will purchase online, and advertise their own companies’ products to those users.

The Internet contributed a lot to the society. For instance in the field of Education. Many have been influenced by its being the highway of information. We were able to gain knowledge by just one click.Though people sometimes tend to be so dependent because of it’s presence. Also, it has contributed a lot to the field of medicine, it was able to give us research capabilities it affords the general public, or the empowerment it affords patients and their families. Once the patient or his family, were afforded just one second opinion. Those that could (and still can afford it) can go to as many doctors that they deem necessary. On the whole, the general public can see one “extra” specialist. Today, with the vast knowledge presented on the “Internet” one can glean great sources of information. Furthermore, many people use the internet to get information before making a purchase. This is a way that the consumer learns much about his next purchase, before he actually goes out to purchase. Half the fun people say, is planning one’s vacation. One sits comfortably in his home and surfs the web for interesting places to visit, what can be done in those places, and then which company offers the best deals or prices. The potential tourist has the world to surf through with the help of the “mouse”.(mathumd, 1997)

From all the above we can see that the Internet is a whole new world emerging at the conclusion of the 20th century. Everyday, the Internet expands by the social, political, and economic activities of people all over the world, and its impact growth exponentially. Some of this growth in impact has been described here. In this new world there is no geographical separation and there are no borders, and all people are encouraged to participate and contribute drawing on their experiences and resources. In cyberspace actions and reactions are essentially instantaneous, and this is why the Internet is so gratifying and attractive. This is why it has impacted our society in almost all areas of human endeavor. In this report we touched on the positive aspects of the influence of the Internet on our society. As in any other field in life there are the negative aspects too. In the field of education children can gain access to areas that are not suitable and dangerous, (Littleton Colorado, April 1999).

IV. Sources
A. http://www.wikipedia.org
B. http://phyun5.ucr.edu/~wudka/Physics7/Notes_www/node6.html
C. http://www.news.wisc.edu/packages/stemcells/
D. www.bprogers.com/pictlibrary/f/Fire

So… on to introducing myself into the blog world. My name is Michael Christian V. Lamson. Im a 2nd year student at the University of the East Ramon Magsaysay Memorial Medical Center in Manila, Philippines takin up Nursing. I’m typically a happy-go-lucky, jolly type of person who loves to eat, play all sorts of sports (coz I like the challenge), who’s into computers and all that techie gadget stuff, hangin out, and most of all… the kind who worships the beauty and essence of Women! Haha!

I created this blog primarily coz i had to for my STS subject. hopefully I’d get to like this eventually and maybe continue on “blogging.” If thats the term you guys use it. Hope youd enjoy my following posts… Be seein ya! Or rather Be readin ya! Haha! Thats sooo… corny!